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The NBC Chimes Machine

By John Schneider

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Play the NBC Chimes:

 

The sound of the NBC chimes is the sound of radio history itself. Probably no single sound better recalls the golden age of radio. The NBC chimes – the musical notes G-E-C – were played at the end of every NBC radio program beginning shortly after the network’s inception, and continued in daily use on NBC radio and television until 1971.

 Shortly after the formation of the National Broadcasting Company in 1926, network executives became aware of confusion among the affiliate stations as to the exact when a program ended, and when it was safe to cut away for local announcements. The problem was assigned to a committee of three: Oscar Hanson, a former AT&T engineer; Ernest la Prade, an NBC orchestra leader; and Philip Carlin, an NBC announcer.

They decided that a musical signal of some kind would be an appropriate way to indicate the ending of all programs. At that time, it was common for radio stations to use the sounds of chimes, gongs, sirens and other mechanical devices as a signature sound for their station, so the choice of a chime by NBC was not unusual or particularly innovative. There is in fact some evidence that the chimes may have been inspired by a similar chime sequence used at that time by NBC affiliate WSB in Atlanta.

During 1927 and 1928, the committee experimented with several combinations of notes. A seven-note sequence which was first used, G-C-F-E-G-C-E, was determined to be too complicated for the announcers to play correctly on a consistent basis. It was first simplified to G-C-F-E, and finally to just G-E-C. This familiar sequence was heard for the first time on November 29, 1929.

The chimes were sounded at :29:30 and :59:30 of each hour, to indicate the start of the 30-second local station break. They were initially struck by hand by the announcer, using a set of hand-held chimes held up to the microphone. But there were inconsistencies in the way these chimes were played, in tempo, volume, and their exact timing.

It was finally determined that the best way to solve these problems was for the chimes to be generated mechanically.

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The man who designed the chimes machine was Captain Richard H. Ranger, who was also the inventor of the electronic organ and the RCA facsimile. Ranger created a device resembling a music box, where fingers on a revolving drum plucked a set of reeds. There were three sets of eight reeds, one for each note, allowing the generation of the fundamental note plus several overtones.

Each reed formed one plate of a capacitor in an oscillator circuit, and the signal generated by all reeds was amplified by a single 6C6 pentode tube. It was activated by a timer, which would cut off the program two seconds before its end (whether it was finished or not!) and feed the chimes to the network.

NBC built a limited number of chime machines. NBC in San Francisco had two of them – the main and backup machines. Others were installed in other cities around the country where network programs were originated – Los Angeles, Chicago, New York, and perhaps a few others. It is likely that not more than a dozen chimes machines were ever made.

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The photos on this page show one of the few chime machines still in existence, now in the hands of a private collector.

(NBC had the short-sighted habit of discarding large quantities of historical artifacts throughout its history. chimes7bIt’s only through the far-sightedness of a few NBC employees, who saved some of these items from the trash bins, that we can today experience many recorded programs, photos, and other memorabilia from that era.)

The unit shown is the chimes machine serial number 2, probably from the first group ever made. Its mechanical parts, although finely crafted, appear to have been hand made. This unit is no doubt the original chimes machine placed in operation at NBC’s studios at 111 Sutter Street in San Francisco.

The schematic diagram, also shown, indicates that serial number 5 was fabricated in 1933, so this machine would have predated it. The main cabinet contains the motor drive reed mechanism and amplifier, which is accessed by removing the front panel’s four thumbscrews.

The unit operated from an external power source, no doubt the same battery and motor-generator system that operated the audio amplifiers in the studios. The smaller box contains the timer and switches that operate the chimes for both studio and “NEMO” broadcast lines. (“NEMO” was a term used in early radio to indicate a remote broadcast. It comes from a telephone term, and stands for “Not Emanating Main Office.”)

The chime machine could be operated in an automatic mode by the clock, which was the usual method of operation, or manually by the announcer in the event of programs with imprecise ending times, such as sports broadcasts.

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The NBC chimes were officially registered with the U.S. Patent Office in 1950 as a registered service mark, the first known case of a sound receiving trademark protection.

The NBC chimes were last heard regularly on NBC television in 1976, used to mark the 50th anniversary of the network.

REFERENCES:
A History of the NBC Chimes, by Bill Harris
More on the NBC Chimes, by Brian Wickham
A Backstage Visit to Radio City, by Fred Krock
Author's inspection of a chimes machine in the hands of a private collector

Copyright © 1999 John F. Schneider. All rights reserved.

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Steve Sybesma
Steve Sybesma
Reply to  BARHOF
10 October 2021 7:25 PM

For its first 6 years GE owned RCA who owned NBC. But that G-E-C tone did start 3 years before GE was forced to sell RCA so it seems too much of a coincidence not to be true. If it’s not true, it’s one of the great coincidences of all time.

Steve Sybesma
Steve Sybesma
Reply to  Steve Sybesma
10 October 2021 7:55 PM

Researching this a bit…it does seem to be one of the world’s great coincidences…it apparently was not intended. It was a result of a limited number of notes on the original device (which had exactly 4 notes…not all 7 and not just 3) used to create it. In fact a longer sequence of 7 chimes (not containing G-E-C in that order) was sometimes used until 1931…the year before GE was forced to sell RCA. Beginning 1931 also, there were special occasions when 4 chimes were used. So all that contributes to the notion G-E-C was accidental. No official documentation says otherwise. It’s a very fortunate coincidence that reflects GE was the owner of RCA who started NBC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_chimes#%22General_Electric_Company%22_folklore

trackback
9 September 2019 5:03 AM

[…] CHEERS to the Peacock Network.  Ninety-three years ago today—in 1926—the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) was organized.  Their news division (and cable spin-off) is about the only one I can stomach these days (garbage dumps Morning Joe and Meet the Press excepted), and their history is dotted with so many awesome shows (start with Johnny Carson and Laugh-In and West Wing and Cheers and Frasier and The Office and go from there) that it makes me wanna hit the lottery so I can spend the rest of my life re-watching ’em all.  But as far as we’re concerned, their most lasting legacy will always be those chimes… […]

trackback
9 September 2019 5:11 AM

[…] CHEERS to the Peacock Network.  Ninety-three years ago today—in 1926—the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) was organized.  Their news division (and cable spin-off) is about the only one I can stomach these days (garbage dumps Morning Joe and Meet the Press excepted), and their history is dotted with so many awesome shows (start with Johnny Carson and Laugh-In and West Wing and Cheers and Frasier and The Office and go from there) that it makes me wanna hit the lottery so I can spend the rest of my life re-watching ’em all.  But as far as we’re concerned, their most lasting legacy will always be those chimes… […]

Nikki Hornsby
Nikki Hornsby
Reply to  Cheers and Jeers: Monday | NoPartySystem.Com
19 September 2024 10:05 PM

I am Nikki Hornsby the grand daughter of the famous 1st wake up man on WSB Radio, Dan Hornsby, of Atlanta GA. My Grandpa was famous for other accomplished facts of 700 plus contributions to music recording industry but died before I met him.
My Dad never spoke about that life pre depression but his oldest sister told me when I was on a tour with my own music stopped and asked why. Aunt Dot said he being the oldest son and she went to school by a driver from their estate home where they had maids too. They road in style to school before the depression. It was all lost but even then grandps Dan sold over 9 thousand copies of his own sound recording for Columbia Records. He also recorded on Victor RCA and other labels too.
But still then the Great Depression hurt so many & my grandparents & aunts & uncle lost so much too. My lste Dad age 12 had to become an usher at Fox movie house to help tte family. In fact that Fox place was where Gone with the Wind premiered.
His Daddy was then getting jobs in radio and performing even for president FDR who called him to bring his trio to the little White House to play. The times were hard but I inherited his gifts and even his multi octave voice which I used in the recording studio too. My grandpa discovered talents like Bessie Smith and others too when he sent his engineering demos to record labels for them too. (I followed that helping arts too over the years with guidance from my own experiences within the professional music industry). But the radio WSB & other radio stations my grandpa worked & was so successful that Atlanta big newspapers wrote empaths about his great success at being loved by listeners when he died.

I’ve been scratching at the surfaces of the history of the music recording industry over the years and just last year read a library showing each piece of work (over 700) he was a part of, but many don’t know since some people maybe walked over his bones of otters to move ahead and in my opinion I never knew about all he did. My late sweet Mom loved him very much and told me he was very kind and very talented too. I was a child and running wild writing songs muself since I was born singing mom said and tried to get me over my extreme shyness. But finally I ended up accepting Gods design to carry on the Hornsby Music Family tradition … finally very proud to be Dan Hornsby’s grand daughter too!

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